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    « Ur Wisdom: Missional | Main | The Hansen Report: Suburban Church Slump? »

    March 3, 2009

    Urban Exile: Whose History?

    urban_exile.jpg

    I've been to a lot of potlucks. Growing up in church and being a pastor has meant many, many casseroles and Jell-O salads. After a recent preaching gig at a suburban church, I was treated to an entirely different version of the potluck: fried chicken, ribs, spaghetti, and kimchi-stuffed dumplings. Not a casserole or gelatin-inspired food product to be seen. The menu perfectly reflected the ethnically diverse congregation of students, families, and retired folks.

    Contrast these eclectic culinary delights with the weeklong theology class I took earlier this year. The professor provided an overview of church history that hit all the high points: canon, creeds, schism, reformation, awakening, evangelicalism, and so on. Curiously, there was no mention Christianity's early spread to Africa and India and not a word about the faith's new center in the global south. In the past, both church and neighborhood reinforced this mostly European perspective on history. Of course I knew about the Middle-Eastern roots of and some of the global influences on Christianity, but didn't most of the important stuff happen to guys with vaguely European-sounding names? History and tradition through a Western lens made sense when I lived and worshiped with people whose great-great-grandparents came from Germany, England, and Sweden.

    This description of church history is no longer adequate. My neighbor's names are mostly Hispanic, and the people I worship with have roots all over the world. Calvin and Luther still matter, but the predominance of European and majority-American historical facts and figures seem odd in a diverse community of people with little contact to this history. Dave Gibbons wrote on Out of Ur about America's rapidly changing demographics, changes that are leading to minority-majority cultures. He asks whether these developments have "affected the leadership of our denominations, businesses, churches, and non-profits." To his questions I would add another: In light of this rapidly shifting culture, are we willing to acknowledge and celebrate the vast diversity of our history and heritage?

    In Disciples of All Nations, Yale professor Lamin Sanneh documents the hospitality of ancient Christianity to the diverse cultures through which it was transmitted. "Paul was determined that for those new Christians who were brought up as Hellenistic pagans, even the notion of adopting the lifestyle of very good, devout, observant Jewish believers should be rejected." It was critical to Paul that faith in Jesus be rooted within the cultures and traditions of the newly converted. "The gospel was not just about religion as ?the Way,' or as ?ethnic dressing' so that followers and adherents could parade in borrowed garb?but religion as a personal, faith-filled fellowship with God." The early church had to reject culturally irrelevant traditions in order to transmit the faith across cultures.

    Some of us are keenly aware of the tensions that arise while transmitting the faith. A Korean congregation must decide how to reach the second and third generation who mostly speak English. A denomination that baptizes infants is faced with Hispanic congregations who embrace believer's baptism. A mostly White suburban church wonders how to respond to new minority residents who've been displaced from the city by gentrification. Paul's rejection of cultural monopoly seems downright impractical in these situations. Wouldn't it be simpler for new converts, new immigrants, and new generations to adapt to our established traditions?

    The Western church has often chosen such simplicity, which has prompted the newly converted to ask difficult questions. Sanneh, an immigrant from Gambia, writes, "Africans asked whether apostolic witness required civilization as an alibi, and whether it was credible for the West to claim to be exclusive host of the things of God? Should John Calvin and John Wesley be the litmus test of Christian conversion?" These types of questions were not only asked on the 19th century African continent; today they are voiced by missiologists, church planters and youth pastors. Christian's on the leading edge of the church's advance face the most dissonance with accepted Christian history and tradition. Calvin and Wesley will always have a place in the Church's story, but are there not thinkers and saints who more genuinely relate to our increasingly minority-majority culture?

    Born in Liberia in 1860, William Wad? Harris is one such overlooked figure. Harris was converted after an encounter with the angel Gabriel in which he was charged to preach the gospel and baptize African converts. Traveling throughout the Ivory Coast, this indigenous prophet resembled an African John the Baptist, "with a long graying beard, a flowing white robe with broad sleeves, sandals, and a white turban." According to Sanneh, "The unadorned bamboo cross in his right and the Bible in his left hand were symbols of hope and renewal." Less than two years after his ministry began, Harris was arrested by the French and banished from the Ivory Coast. The French were understandably nervous: in that short time 200,000 Africans converted to a Christianity that was independent of colonialism. While European missionaries lamented the snail's pace of their progress, Harris could not find enough churches for those who heeded his Gospel call.

    With grievous results, the Western church has often chosen cultural hegemony over indigenous expressions of Christianity, even when the fruit of these expressions was unmistakable. "Converts were torn from their roots in their own society to wilt in an alien missionary environment," writes Sanneh. "They once had a home. Now, thanks to Christianity, they had none." It is no longer only the foreign missionary who faces these realities; as Gibbons points out these are now questions for our suburban and city churches. How will congregations respond to new immigrants, shifting demographics, and a generation influenced by post modernity?

    I hope we welcome the changes brought by those of different cultures and histories. The church is a growing body made up of Believers with diverse traditions, worldviews, and artistic expressions; not a static reserve for theology and worship. Those of us who are used to comforting traditions and controlled worship are reticent to release control. Difficult though it may be, this is the vision of God's coming Kingdom, when all peoples and histories are enfolded into the reign of the world's Savior. Put another way, once you've feasted on fried chicken and kimchi-dumplings it's impossible to be satisfied with casserole and Jell-O.

    davidswanson.bmp

    David Swanson is Community Life Pastor at New Community Covenant Church in Chicago's Logan Square neighborhood, and a regular contributor to Out of Ur. Read more from David at his blog, Signs of Life.

    Posted by UrL Scaramanga on March 3, 2009



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    Comments

    Great article. Church history is basically European Religious history.

    I'm also amazed at how un-critically the global church has accepted "doctrine and dogma" from the Western Church.

    Much of the early councils were merely exercises in Greek philosophy and Roman politics...and often have little, no, or opposite findings in Scripture

    What a wonderful thing that the Church is waking up from its "40 years" of European wilderness bound by Greek logic and Roman culture!

    Thanks again for a great article.

    Posted by: Mark at March 3, 2009

    It seems to me that the two key issues here come down to authority and control. That goes for local congregations as well as the prevailing Western view of things.

    Posted by: PastorM at March 3, 2009

    Great thoughts David. I am currently living inside of these paragraphs that you have so aptly fingered, as we are planting a church in North Seattle. Extremely multi-ethnical and multi-thought. Much different than the upper Midwest churchy world we moved from this past summer.
    We are learning, the curve is great, but God is graceously educating us and growing our community, with so much more than Casseroles and Jell-O. Yes! There is, after all, much better food to endulge in. And, oh the variety!
    Continue to write.

    Posted by: Keith at March 3, 2009

    Amen or in my lingo, right on!

    Good article. The really sad part is this is so often right in front of our faces that the majority culture ignores it.

    1. Look at the conferences and see who the attendees and the speakers are.

    2. Look in the bookstores and who are the heavweights writing about Christian theology?

    3. Look in major evangelical magazines and look at who they write about and who the writers are.

    4. In those same magazines, the ads are usually either people of color needing help in another country or people of color representing a university...that has hardly any diversity.

    I appreciate your article but if people can look at this stuff above and not blink, then I fear your article may simply be a passing infancy.

    Posted by: Prophetik Soul at March 3, 2009

    Though I'm still fairly fond of my mother's asparagus casserole (it makes an appearance at every potluck and major holiday), I have to say that I truly agree with you. As I once heard it put, "The West didn't create Christianity, it merely tamed it." Ironically, the early church fathers that the west typically hails, would undoubtedly be the strongest voices in favor of maintaining cultural diversity within the church. Well said!

    Posted by: Eric Brasure at March 3, 2009

    We had a Korean congregation shar our sanctuary for a year. Awesome food!

    Great to be around another type of Christian.

    We found out we weren't the only ones.

    Thanks!

    P.S.- I'd love to find a Thai congregation of Christians!

    Posted by: Steve Martin at March 4, 2009

    "didn’t most of the important stuff happen to guys with vaguely European-sounding names?"

    It does feel that way sometimes when I study church history, with the focus of most books and lectures being quite slanted towards euro-centricism.
    I think a great example of this is how we in the West often act like the East Orthodox church either does not exist or is just a smallish odd denomination, instead of one of the longest lasting forms of the faith.

    Posted by: Mason at March 4, 2009

    Thanks for the comments. Prophetik Soul's 4 examples resonate with my own experience. Having experienced the wider diversity of our Christian history and tradition, the seemingly ethnocentric focus of American evangelicalism is impossible to miss.

    Posted by: David Swanson at March 4, 2009

    The Catholic Church does a rather good job of celebrating its African saints, esp. Saint Augustine of Hippo. Also, the Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe is a huge festival in the RC church, which is a major point of reference for almost all Central and South Americans

    In addition, the RC Church is full of leaders who would be considered ethnic minorities in the U.S. There are a huge number of Latino, African, and Asian bishops and cardinals, which tells me that having an ethnically diverse church does not necessarily mean giving up what the author terms, "controlled worship." All of these cultures share one liturgy with local music, preaching, and dances as a part of that...isn't there any peace to be found in uniting a community with all other communities around the world in one common liturgy?

    Posted by: John at March 5, 2009

    At Fuller Seminary, I studied Modern Church History with Cecil Robeck, and we were required to select one geographic region (I chose Africa) and read extensively about the spread of Christianity in that part of the world. We read hundreds of pages, had an extensive writing assignment, and had one large essay question for our final exam that dealt with our area of research. I so appreciated his very obvious commitment to our understanding of God's work and mission in a global context.

    I know from my own seminary experience and what others have described that he is an exception in making a more than token commitment to teaching history/theology with the whole world in mind. I am grateful for it, and grateful for your post which brings broader attention to this frequent gap in our theological education.

    Posted by: Erika Haub at March 5, 2009

    Sorry, but this just stinks in so many ways. Please allow me to give a few reasons...

    A 1 week class covering 2000 years of cuhrch history, and you want it to say something nice about Africans? Come on! Besides, North Africans like Augustine are ethnic Middle Easterners anyway. When you say 'Afican' why do I get the distinct impression you mean black skinned people? The beginning of the gospel in India is shrouded in uncertainty anyway, and pre- William Carey it has never had a big impact either.

    In the USA, church history will acknowledge minority Christians when they make history. I will venture to say the people you worship with, who have hispanic names, are not newsworthy. If these folk ever do something worth talking about, they will be included, because someone will want to sell a book about them.

    Thanks,
    Chris Lee

    Posted by: Chris Lee at March 7, 2009

    "The church is a growing body made up of Believers"

    Interesting what mere grammar will devulge about one's ecclesiology & view of history:

    church/Believers vis-a-vis Church/believers


    Posted by: Jenny Bluett at March 7, 2009

    Chris, I doubt its as simple as 'If these folk ever do something worth talking about, they will be included, because someone will want to sell a book about them.' If that was the case, it would not have taken so long for people to write about the Harriet Tubmans, Martin Luther Kings, etc. Simply because they were written about does not point to their lack of importance. Racism and prejudice abounds in why some of these people arent talked about.

    Posted by: Prophetik Soul at March 9, 2009

    Of course, those of us who accepted 'diversity' years ago without giving it a second thought are still subject to these formulaic articles about "are we willing to acknowledge and celebrate the vast diversity of our history and heritage?"

    Christianity is the most diverse religion on the planet, and so we find ourselves obsessing over whether our Swedish brother is sufficiently appreciative of our Korean sister's spiritual heritage.

    Let's keep our eyes on the prize, not on the race behind us.

    Posted by: Andy at March 9, 2009

    Chris:

    I'm not sure who your comments were directed at, but I'll try to respond as I see fit. When I use the word "Africans," I mean just that--people whose immediate region of origin is the continent of Africa. Right now that means all sorts of people who are ethnically and culturally diverse. And as far as anyone knows, Augustine was of Berber descent.

    As for Christianity "not having a big impact until William Carey," when the Portugese arrived they witnessed baptisms, liturgy, a functioning episcopate...how are these things without "impact"?

    Regards,
    John

    Posted by: John at March 9, 2009

    David,
    Great article...thanks for sharing your thoughts. I am slowly seeing more and more acknowledgement of non-Western Christianity in my classes and readings interactions. Maybe this all ties to God's call for us to die to ourselves and to serve for God's glory alone. Part of that death involves giving up our traditions or loosening our grip of how we 'do church' and worship.
    Tough questions to wrestle with and hit at the heart of what may be holding back the US/Western church - fear of losing control and doing things they way we like to do them. Thanks again for a great article...

    Posted by: Jim at March 11, 2009

    The majority of Church history texts that I have read start with a fairly broad scope but as the text advances in time it becomes more and more focused on western traditions. I find it disappointing and short sighted. I realize that to do a concurrent history of the whole church is nearly an impossible task to do and to put that into one volume would be pointless. At the same time a massive multiple volume work would tedious and unmanageable for general reading. Perhaps part of the problem is that we don't title our texts in the best fashion, or courses for that matter. Name it as western church history, the title itself will suggest that there is more.
    When we don't know the full story we are impoverished because of this lack of awareness and fellowship with and of other Christians.

    Posted by: Kevin Derr at March 11, 2009

    I thought I might recommend a resource. Martin Marty (the superhuman historian) published a book in 2007 called The Christian World: A Global History, which just came out in paperback this year. Anyway, he does the impossible--talks about the church's history from the first century to the present with an eye to the non-western world (only three of the ten chapters are dedicated to Europe and North America)--in right around 200 pages.

    Posted by: Brandon at March 11, 2009

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